Fabrication Of Fto/Pnipam/Fto Electrical-Thermal Dual-Response Smart Window For Solar Radiation Management In The Full Temperature Range**

Dual-response smart window, which can respond to two external stimuli simultaneously or separately, has more solar adjustment modes and a wider range of solar radiation adjustment. In this paper, a double-layer fluorine-tin oxide (FTO) electrical-thermal mold was presented, and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) hydrogel was encapsulated in the mold to form an electric-thermal dual-response smart window. The electrical response refers to the electrothermal conversion characteristics of the double-layer FTO mold used to compensate for the insufficient thermochromic performance of the PNIPAm hydrogel when temperature is between 25 degrees C and 32 degrees C, rather than electrochromic properties. Finally, when the applied voltage reaches 5 V, the dual-response smart window achieves a high solar modulation ability (Delta T-sol) of 26.51 %. In addition, it can be concluded that a 5 V of applied voltage is adequate for the dual-response smart window (25 mmx25 mmx2.2 mm) to exhibit excellent Delta T-sol and extremely fast response speed by the test of the electrothermal conversion performance, transparency change during the heating process, and UV-Vis-NIR transmittance spectra. Furthermore, the thermal management tests and cyclic stability tests indicate that the smart window has a potential energy saving effect and environmental tolerance. The prepared smart window enables PNIPAm hydrogel to manage solar radiation well in the entire ambient temperature range actively or passively.