Multimodality imaging of the gastrointestinal manifestations of scleroderma

Scleroderma is a complex multisystem connective tissue disorder. Early visceral disease, such as gastrointestinal (GI) involvement, is associated with significant morbidity and a poorer prognosis. Prompt diagnosis is crucial to allow disease modifying therapies be initiated early in the course of the disease. The primary underlying pathophysiology in the GI tract is dysmotility, muscular atrophy, and fibrosis, and this is reflected in the imaging features. In this paper, we demonstrate the imaging appearances of involvement of the GI tract and describe the use of advanced imaging with magnetic resonance enterography (MRE). A multimodal imaging approach is required to identify both characteristic features of scleroderma and potential complications. Traditional fluoroscopic contrast (barium) studies are still commonly performed for assessment of the oesophagus. More recent advances in cross-sectional imaging allow for thorough three-dimensional assessment of the entire GI tract. MRE is particularly useful for small bowel evaluation while also allowing "pseudodynamic" functional imaging and concomitant assessment of the other abdominal viscera and structures. (C) 2021 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.