Upwelling Irradiance Below Sea Ice-Par Intensities And Spectral Distributions

Upwelling and downwelling spectral (320-920 nm) distributions and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) intensities were measured below a first-year land-fast sea ice in a western Greenland fjord with and without a snow cover. Time-series of surface upwelling PAR, downwelling PAR, and under-ice PAR were also obtained. Spectral distributions of upwelling and downwelling irradiances were similar except for reduced intensities in the UV, the red, and NIR parts of the spectrum when the ice was snow-covered. Upwelling PAR amounted to about 10% of downwelling intensities, giving 5.1 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) at the bottom of the ice with a snow cover and 8.2 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) without. PAR partitioning analyses showed that the upwelling was related to scattering by suspended particles in the water column. A snow melt increased under-ice daily maximum downwelling PAR from 50 to 180 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) and overall under-ice PAR of 55 and 198 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) with 10% upwelling. It is concluded that upwelling PAR below sea ice might be an important factor regarding sea ice algae photophysiology and performance with a 10% higher PAR; specifically when PAR > E-k the light saturation point of the sea ice algae.