Performance, immune response, and oxidative stress parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing varying carbohydrate/protein, lipid/protein, and energy/protein ratios
Aquaculture Reports(2021)
Abstract
•Carbohydrate:protein ratio in feeds with isonitrogenous daily protein intake affects growth and protein efficiency.•Total hemocyte count and phagocyte capacity improve with high energy:protein ratio in low fish meal experimental diets.•Carbohydrate:protein and lipid:protein ratio in feeds significantly affect the antioxidant system in L. vannamei.
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Key words
Energetic substrates,Daily protein intake,Fishmeal,Fish oil levels
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