Taxonomic revision of the snakes of the genera Palaeopython and Paleryx (Serpentes, Constrictores) from the Paleogene of Europe

Large constrictor snakes, referred to the genera Palaeopython and Paleryx , are an ecologically prominent part of the fauna of Europe during the Paleogene. Most species were named over a century ago and their taxonomy is largely based on isolated vertebrae. Furthermore, the majority of named taxa originate from imprecisely known localities within the Phosphorites du Quercy, in southern France, and thus their exact age is not known. We critically review and re-diagnose these genera based on personal examination of all existing type material, an array of new specimens, and a detailed literature review. We consider Palaeopython and Paleryx to be valid and propose vertebral characters to distinguish them. We recognize three valid species of Palaeopython , i.e. Palaeopython cadurcensis (type species) from the Phosphorites du Quercy, Palaeopython ceciliensis from Geiseltal, and Palaeopython helveticus from Dielsdorf (Switzerland), and one valid species of Paleryx , i.e. Paleryx rhombifer (type species) from Hordle Cliff (England). Four other species, which were previously treated as members of Palaeopython and Paleryx , i.e. “ Palaeopython ” filholii and “ Palaeopython ” neglectus from the Phosphorites du Quercy, “ Palaeopython ” fischeri from Messel, and “ Paleryx ” spinifer from Geiseltal, are also considered as valid but pertain to other genera. Among these four taxa, “ Palaeopython ” fischeri has been recently assigned to its own genus, Eoconstrictor . A new genus, Phosphoroboa gen. nov. is established to accommodate “ Palaeopython ” filholii . We designate a lectotype for Palaeopython cadurcensis and establish that the paralectotype maxilla and dentary are reasonably referred to this species. New material attributed to Palaeopython cadurcensis is described from the old collections of the Phosphorites du Quercy. Paleryx cayluxi , another species established from the old collections of the Phosphorites du Quercy, is synonymized here with Palaeopython cadurcensis . We further clarify important errors in the original description and figures of Paleryx cayluxi , identify the exact specimens that comprise the type series, and designate a lectotype. Much new material is described for Palaeopython ceciliensis from its type area in Geiseltal and intracolumnar variation is considered. We describe additional vertebral and cranial material of Paleryx rhombifer from its type area in Hordle Cliff. Based on this cranial material, we suggest non-booid affinities for Paleryx rhombifer. We designate a lectotype for Paleryx depressus and agree with its previous suggested synonymy with Paleryx rhombifer . We re-describe the lectotype and paralectotypes of “ Palaeopython ” neglectus and refer and describe new material of this species from the Phosphorites du Quercy, paying special attention to intracolumnar variation; we also defer a decision on its generic relations until more abundant and complete material can be studied. We describe new vertebral material of the booid Eoconstrictor cf. fischeri from Geiseltal; similar material was previously known only from Messel and Dielsdorf. We determine that Eoconstrictor fischeri contains two distinct and unrelated species and describe intracolumnar variation in the nominotype. We clarify certain issues regarding the type series of Paleryx spinifer , designate a lectotype, and report previously unrecognized cranial material associated with the latter specimen; we transfer this species to Eoconstrictor based on cranial features and recombine it as Eoconstrictor spinifer comb. nov. We finally describe much new vertebral and cranial material of Phosphoroboa filholii comb. nov. from the Phosphorites du Quercy (both from the old collections but also from the late Eocene localities of Escamps A and C), paying special attention to intracolumnar variation. Based on this cranial material from Escamps, we identify Phosphoroboa gen. nov. as a booid. An analytical approach is undertaken in many isolated remains in order to quantify vertebral structures and assess intracolumnar variation, as well as associating isolated cranial elements to vertebral-based taxa. 3D models of the type material of the Geiseltal and Messel taxa are presented. The importance of vertebrae in the taxonomy of fossil Constrictores is addressed, although it is acknowledged that it is cranial material that can afford the most reliable phylogenetic conclusions. The diversity, distribution, biogeographic origins, and final demise and extinction of large Constrictores in the Paleogene of Europe are discussed.