Centring Indigenous Knowledge Systems To Re-Imagine Conservation Translocations

1. Conservation translocations-particularly those that weave diverse ways of knowing and seeing the world-promise to enhance species recovery and build ecosystem resilience. Yet, few studies to date have been led or co-led by Indigenous peoples; or consider how centring Indigenous knowledge systems can lead to betterconservation translocation outcomes.2. In this Perspective, as Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers and practitioners working in partnership in Aotearoa New Zealand, we present a novel framework for co-designing conservation translocations that centre Indigenous peoples and knowledge systems through Two-Eyed Seeing.3. We apply this framework to Aotearoa New Zealand's threatened and underprioritized freshwater biodiversity. In particular, we highlight the co-development of conservation translocations with Te Khaka o Tuhaitara and Te Nohoaka o Tukiauau that are weaving emerging genomic approaches into matauraka Maori (Maori knowledge systems), including customary practices, processes and language.4. We envision the Two-Eyed Seeing framework presented here will provide a critical point of reference for the co-development of conservation translocations led or co-led by Indigenous peoples elsewhere in the world to build more resilient biocultural heritage.