A Micro-Environment Regulator for Filling the Clinical Treatment Gap after a Glioblastoma Operation

The rapid postoperative recurrence and short survival time of glioblastoma (GBM) patients necessitate immediate and effective postoperative treatment. Herein, an immediate and mild postoperative local treatment strategy is developed that regulates the postoperative microenvironment and delays GBM recurrence. Briefly, an injectable hydrogel system (imGEL) loaded with Zn(II)(2)-AMD3100 (AMD-Zn) and CpG oligonucleotide nanoparticles (CpG NPs) is injected into the operation cavity, with long-term function to block the recruitment of microglia/ macrophages and activate cytotoxic T cells. The finding indicated that the imGEL can regulate the immune microenvironment, inhibit GBM recurrence, and gain valuable time for subsequent adjuvant clinical chemotherapy.