Polar lipids are linked to nanoparticles in xylem sap of temperate angiosperm species

Xylem sap of angiosperm species has been found to include low concentrations of polar lipids and nanoparticles, including surfactant-coated nanobubbles. Although the nanoparticles have been suggested to consist of polar lipids, no attempt has been made to determine if nanoparticle and lipid concentrations are related. Here, we examined concentrations of nanoparticles and lipids in xylem sap and contamination control samples of six temperate angiosperm species with a NanoSight device and based on mass spectrometry. We found (1) that the concentration of nanoparticles and lipids were both diluted when an increasing amount of sap was extracted, (2) that their concentrations were significantly correlated in three species, (3) that their concentrations were affected by vessel anatomy, and (4) that concentrations of nanoparticles and lipids were very low in contamination-control samples. Moreover, there was little seasonal difference, no freezing-thawing effect on nanoparticles, and little seasonal variation in lipid composition. These findings indicate that lipids and nanoparticles are related to each other, and largely do not pass interconduit pit membranes. Further research is needed to examine the formation and stability of nanoparticles in xylem sap in relation to lipid composition, and the complicated interactions among the gas, liquid, and solid phases in xylem conduits. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. * DGDG : digalactosyldiacylglycerol MGDG : monogalactosyldiacylglycerol LPG : lysophosphatidylglycerol LPC : lysophosphatidylcholine LPE : lysophosphatidylethanolamine, PA, phosphatidic acid PC : phosphatidylcholine PE : phosphatidylethanolamine PG : phosphatidylglycerol PI : phosphatidylinositol PS : phosphatidylserine TAG : triacylglycerol