Traumatic Brain Injury Exacerbates Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology in the Retinas of TgF344-AD Rats

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition that affects 6.2 million people age 65 and older in the U.S. alone, and is the leading cause of dementia. Moreover, AD can lead to visual impairment, and AD histopathology also manifests in the retina. However, the factors that modulate AD pathophysiology and lead to varied susceptibility and presentation in the population are not well understood. In this context, traumatic brain injury (TBI), which can arise from sport concussions, military combat, and other causes, is associated with a 2.3-fold higher risk of developing AD and AD-related dementias (ADRD). Thus, we set out to evaluate the effects of TBI, AD, and their combination, on retinal histopathology. Several animal models have been developed to investigate the mechanisms underlying AD, but many have been limited by imperfect recapitulation of human pathology, and no model of TBI-associated AD (AD-TBI) has been characterized. To address this gap, we generated an innovative model of AD-TBI by taking advantage of a transgenic rat model (Tg-F344-AD) shown to recapitulate the main features of human AD pathology, and combining it with a twotime unilateral controlled cortical impact paradigm to mimic repetitive mild TBI (rmTBI). Histopathological analyses at four months post-impact confirm the presence of AD markers in transgenic retinas, and an increased severity of AD pathology due to TBI. Together, these results contribute to our understanding of the effects of TBI on AD retinopathy, with implications for patient care and therapeutic development. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.