Perception of structurally distinct effectors by the integrated WRKY domain of a plant immune receptor

Plants use intracellular immune receptors (NLRs) to detect pathogen-derived effector proteins. The Arabidopsis NLR pair RRS1-R/RPS4 confers disease resistance to different bacterial pathogens by perceiving structurally distinct effectors AvrRps4 from Pseudomonas syringae pv . pisi and PopP2 from Ralstonia solanacearum via an integrated WRKY domain in RRS1-R. How the WRKY domain of RRS1 (RRS1WRKY) perceives distinct classes of effector to initiate an immune response is unknown. We report here the crystal structure of the in planta processed C-terminal domain of AvrRps4 (AvrRps4C) in complex with RRS1WRKY. Perception of AvrRps4C by RRS1WRKY is mediated by the β2-β3 segment of RRS1WRKY that binds an electronegative patch on the surface of AvrRps4C. Structure-based mutations that disrupt AvrRps4C/RRS1WRKY interactions in vitro compromise RRS1/RPS4-dependent immune responses. We also show that AvrRps4C can associate with the WRKY domain of the related but distinct RRS1B/RPS4B NLR pair, and the DNA binding domain of At WRKY41, with similar binding affinities. This work demonstrates how integrated domains in plant NLRs can directly bind structurally distinct effectors to initiate immunity. Significance This study reveals a mechanism of effector recognition by a plant NLR immune receptor that carries an integrated domain (ID) which mimics an authentic pathogen effector target. An Arabidopsis immune receptor carrying RRS1 and RPS4 NLR proteins detects the Pseudomonas syringae pv . pisi secreted effector AvrRps4 via a WRKY ID in RRS1. We used structural biology to reveal the mechanisms of AvrRps4/WRKY interaction and demonstrated that this binding is essential for effector recognition in planta. Our analysis revealed distinctive features of the WRKY ID that mediate the recognition of structurally distinct effectors from different bacterial pathogens. These insights could enable engineering NLRs with novel recognition specificities, and enhances our understanding of how effectors interact with host proteins. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.