The RNA helicase DHX36/G4R1 modulates C9orf72 GGGGCC repeat-associated translation

GGGGCC (G4C2) hexanucleotide repeat expansions (HRE) in C9orf72 are the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of this expansion generates toxic proteins that accumulate in patient brains and contribute to disease pathogenesis. The DEAH-Box Helicase 36 (DHX36/G4R1) plays active roles in RNA and DNA G-quadruplex (G4) resolution in cells. As G4C2 repeats form G4 structures in vitro , we sought to determine the impact of manipulating DHX36 expression on repeat transcription and RAN translation. We found that DHX36 depletion suppresses RAN translation from reporter constructs in a repeat length dependent manner while overexpression of DHX36 enhances RAN translation from G4C2 reporter RNAs. Taken together, these results suggest that DHX36 is active in regulating G4C2 repeat translation, providing potential implications for therapeutic development in nucleotide repeats expansion disorders. ### Competing Interest Statement PKT served as a paid consultant for Denali Therapeutics, holds a joint patent with Ionis Therapeutics, and receives publishing royalties from UpToDate. None of these are directly relevant to his role on this manuscript and none of these organizations have any role in the conception, preparation or editing of this manuscript. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.