Costs of choosiness can promote reproductive isolation in parapatry

Species often replace each other spatially along contact zones, giving scope for parapatric speciation. In models of parapatric speciation driven by assortative mating, costs of female choosiness have so far be ignored. Yet, if females encounter only a limited number of males, those that are too choosy may remain unmated, and this should create direct sexual selection against choosiness. In our individual-based model of parapatric ecological speciation, disruptive viability selection leads to divergence of an ecological trait. Additionally, female choosiness (following a ‘matching mating rule’ based on the same ecological trait) can evolve at the risk of remaining unmated, and can limit gene flow between diverging populations. In line with previous litterature, out of the contact zone, the evolution of cost-free choosiness stops at intermediate values due to indirect selection against strong choosiness. Here we show that a weak cost of choosiness, by modifying genotypic frequencies on which viability selection acts, reduces this selection pressure, thus permitting the evolution of stronger choosiness than in the absence of costs. In strong contrast to sympatric models, costs of choosiness can therefore promote reproductive isolation in parapatry. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.