Echocardiographic Classification and Guidance for Transcatheter Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect.

https://e-jcvi.org Isolated ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are one of the most common congenital heart defects (CHD) and constitute 20% of all CHDs.1)2) Patients with a moderate-to-large shunt of VSDs usually are symptomatic, present with congestive heart failure, and eventually need surgical closure in infancy. On the other hand, relatively small or restrictive VSDs cause no symptoms, but they can create late problems like left ventricular enlargement, infective endocarditis, aortic valve insufficiency, and double chamber right ventricle.