Characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes in full-scale anaerobic digesters of food waste and the effects of application of biogas slurry on soil antibiotic resistance genes

The fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in full-scale anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste (FW) and in the soil applied with biogas slurry has not been fully understood. In this study, 12 targeted ARGs and intI1 in FW, intermediate product, and biogas slurry from three full-scale AD were analyzed. The results showed that subcritical water pretreatment was an effective method for ARG attenuation, by which the absolute abundance of total targeted ARGs was removed by 99.69%. The predominant ARGs ( ermB , tetM , and tetW ) in FW were removed more than 99% after subcritical water pretreatment. The result of field experiments with biogas slurry as fertilizer showed that the absolute abundance of several ARGs ( sul2 , tetM , blaOXA-1 , blaTEM ) and intI1 accumulated significantly compared to the control group (CK) during three consecutive growth stages of the rice. The detected abundance of ARGs in paddy field soil increased from 190.50 (CK) to 8.87 × 10 4 copies/g (wet weight) (soil) during tillering stage, and increased from 4102.65 (CK) to 4.38 × 10 4 copies/g (wet weight) (soil) during heading time. Biogas slurry improved the soil nutrients (TN, AN, TP, and AP); meanwhile, the concentrations of total salt and Cl − increased. Network analysis indicated that 28 genera were the possible hosts of ARGs; variation partitioning analysis (VPA) indicated that microbial communities (contribution 59.30%) were the main factors that affected the fate of ARGs and intI1 .