Analysis of incidence and risk factors of the multidrug resistant gastrointestinal tract infection in children and adolescents undergoing allogeneic and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation: a nationwide study

The aim of this multi-center study was to evaluate the incidence, clinical course, and risk factors for bacterial multidrug-resistant (MDR) gastrointestinal tract infections (GTI) among children undergoing allogeneic and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. A total number of 175 pediatric patients (aged 1–18 years), transplanted between January 2018 and December 2019, who were tested for bacterial colonization/infection were enrolled into this multi-center analysis. Episodes of MDR GTI occurred in 77/175 (44%) patients. In multivariate analysis for higher GTI incidence, the following factors were significant: matched-unrelated donor (MUD) transplantation, HLA mismatch, presence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and gut GVHD. The most common GTI were Clostridium difficile (CDI), multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae ( Klebsiella pneumoniae , Escherichia coli extended-spectrum β-lactamase), and Enterococcus HLAR (high-level aminoglycoside-resistant). No MDR GTI–attributed deaths were reported. MDR GTI is a frequent complication after HCT among children, causes prolonged hospitalization, but rarely contributes to death. We identified risk factors of MDR GTI development in children, with focus on GVHD and unrelated donor and HLA mismatch. We conclude that the presence of Clostridiales plays an important anti-inflammatory homeostatic role and decreases incidence of GVHD or alleviate its course.