Dynamic Relationship Between the Sea and the Aquifer

The dynamics of sea–aquifer relationship can be studied at different time scales, including short time daily scale of tides, seasonal (winter–summer) scale, trends throughout years or decades (mainly due to pumping or base-level changes—e.g., the Dead Sea (DS) case), and long-term trends, such as sea-level fluctuations due to climate changes. Fresh–saline water interface (hereafter FSI) in coastal aquifers results from the density difference between freshwater originating from rain and saline water intruding from sea.