St. John's Wort alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis through pregnane X receptor-dependent NF kappa B antagonism

St. John's wort (SJW), from traditional herbs, activates the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a potential drug target for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, how SJW alleviates dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced experimental IBD by activating PXR is unknown. To test this, PXR-humanized, wild-type (WT) and Pxr-null mice, primary intestinal organoids cultures, and the luciferase reporter gene assays were employed. In vivo, a diet supplemented with SJW was found to activate intestinal PXR both in WT and PXR-humanized mice, but not in Pxr-null mice. SJW prevented DSS-induced IBD in PXR-humanized and WT mice, but not in Pxr-null mice. In vitro, hyperforin, a major component of SJW, activated PXR and suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha-induced nuclear factor (NF) kappa B translocation in primary intestinal organoids from PXR-humanized mice, but not Pxr-null mice. Luciferase reporter gene assays showed that hyperforin dose-dependently alleviated TNF alpha-induced NF kappa B transactivation by activating human PXR in Caco2 cells. Furthermore, SJW therapeutically attenuated DSS-induced IBD in PXR-humanized mice. These data indicate the therapeutic potential of SJW in alleviating DSS-induced IBD in vivo, and TNF alpha-induced NF kappa B activation in vitro, dependent on PXR activation, which may have clinical implications for using SJW as a herbal drug anti-IBD treatment.