Fluorenyl Indoline as an Efficient Electron Donor for Concerted Companion Dyes: Enhanced Light-Harvesting and Photocurrent

Concerted companion dyes (CC dyes) like XW61 have been demonstrated to be an effective platform for developing efficient DSSCs. However, the moderated phenothiazine-based electron donor in XW61 results in unsatisfactory J(sc). To address this problem, a stronger fluorenyl indoline-based electron donor has been used to construct porphyrin dye XW68 and organic dyes Y1-Y2. The stronger electron-donating character of the fluorenyl indoline unit leads to an enhanced J(sc) value (20.48 mA.cm(-2)) for the individual dye XW68. On this basis, CC dyes XW69-XW70-C8 have been designed and synthesized by combining the frameworks of Y1 and Y2 with XW68. The complementary absorption characters of the porphyrin and the organic dye moieties lead to panchromatic absorption with a strong light-harvesting capability from 350 to 700 nm and the onset wavelength extended to ca. 840 nm in the IPCE curves. As a result, excellent J(sc) values have been achieved (>22 mA.cm(-2)). In addition to the advantages of high J(sc), bulky octyl groups have been introduced into the donor of XW70-C8 to reduce dye aggregation and suppress charge recombination. Finally, a highest PCE of 11.1% with a satisfactory J(sc) (22.25 mA.cm(-2)) and an enhanced V-oc (750 mV) has been achieved upon coadsorption of XW70-C8 with CDCA. In addition, the CC dye XW70-C8-based solar cells exhibit excellent long-term photostability. These results provide an effective method for rationally improving the photovoltaic behavior, especially the J(sc) of CC dyes, by introducing strong electron donor moieties with suitable substituents.