Radiocarbon Signature Reveals That Most Springtails Depend On Carbon From Living Plants

Terrestrial carbon cycling is largely mediated by soil food webs. Identifying the carbon source for soil animals has been desired to distinguish their roles in carbon cycling, but it is challenging for small invertebrates at low trophic levels because of methodological limitations. Here, we combined radiocarbon (C-14) analysis with stable isotope analyses (C-13 and N-15) to understand feeding habits of soil microarthropods, especially focusing on springtail (Collembola). Most Collembola species exhibited lower Delta C-14 values than litter regardless of their delta C-13 and delta N-15 signatures, indicating their dependence on young carbon. In contrast with general patterns across all taxonomic groups, we found a significant negative correlation between delta N-15 and Delta C-14 values among the edaphic Collembola. This means that the species with higher delta N-15 values depend on C from more recent photosynthate, which suggests that soil-dwelling species generally feed on mycorrhizae to obtain root-derived C. Many predatory taxa exhibited higher Delta C-14 values than Collembola but lower than litter, indicating non-negligible effects of collembolan feeding habits on the soil food web. Our study demonstrated the usefulness of radiocarbon analysis, which can untangle the confounding factors that change collembolan delta N-15 values, clarify animal feeding habits and define the roles of organisms in soil food webs.