Effects of dynamic apnea training on diving bradycardia and short distance swimming performance

BACKGROUND: Apnea training enhances bradycardia and improves competitive apnea performance and has been proposed as a training method for other sports, such as swimming. We evaluated the effects of apneic underwater swimming, i.e., dynamic apnea (DYN), in 9 competi-tive swimmers (TR) who completed ten DYN sessions over 2 weeks.METHODS: TR performed pre-and post-training tests including a static apnea test with continuous heart rate (HR) and peripheral oxygen satu-ration measurements, all-out 50m and 100m freestyle tests and an all-out DYN test. Control groups were competitive swimmers (SC; N.=10) that trained swimming without DYN, and a non-swimmer group (AC; N.=10) performing only static apnea tests.RESULTS: Post-training, TR mean +/- SD time for 50 m freestyle improved from 25.51 +/- 2.01 s to 24.64 +/- 2.02 s (P<0.01) and for 100m from 55.5 +/- 4.2 s to 54.1 +/- 4.4 s (P<0.05). SC also improved their 100m time from 56.7 +/- 3.3 s to 56.0 +/- 3.1 s (P<0.01; P=0.07 between groups). Only TR performed DYN tests; DYN distance increased from 62.1 +/- 11.5 m to 70.9 +/- 18.9 m (P<0.05) while DYN speed decreased from 0.74 +/- 0.14m/s to 0.64 +/- 0.18 m/s (P<0.01). Static apnea duration did not change in any of the groups, but HR-reduction was enhanced post-training only in TR (24.8 +/- 14.8% to 31.1 +/- 10.9%, P<0.01; P<0.001 between groups).CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that 2 weeks of DYN training enhanced DYN performance, which may be caused by the enhanced apnea-induced diving bradycardia. Further research is required to determine whether DYN training enhances short distance freestyle swimming performance.