NMR Metabolite Profiles of the Bivalve Mollusc Mytilus galloprovincialis Before and After Immune Stimulation With Vibrio splendidus

The hemolymph metabolome of Mytilus galloprovincialis injected with live Vibrio splendidus bacteria was analyzed by H-1-NMR spectrometry. Changes in spectral hemolymph profiles were already detected after mussel acclimation (3 days at 18 or 25 degrees C). A significant decrease of succinic acid was accompanied by an increase of most free amino acids, mytilitol, and, to a smaller degree, osmolytes. These metabolic changes are consistent with effective osmoregulation, and the restart of aerobic respiration after the functional anaerobiosis occurred during transport. The injection of Vibrio splendidus in mussels acclimated at 18 degrees C caused a significant decrease of several amino acids, sugars, and unassigned chemical species, more pronounced at 24 than at 12 h postinjection. Correlation heatmaps indicated dynamic metabolic adjustments and the relevance of protein turnover in maintaining the homeostasis during the response to stressful stimuli. This study confirms NMR-based metabolomics as a feasible analytical approach complementary to other omics techniques in the investigation of the functional mussel responses to environmental challenges.