Preoperative Anemia is Associated With Worse Long-Term Survival After Lung Cancer Resection: A Multicenter Cohort Study of 5,029 Patients

Objectives Although some evidence to suggest an association between preoperative anemia and reduced overall survival exists, contemporary studies investigating the impact of preoperative anemia on outcomes after resection for primary lung cancer are lacking. Design A multicenter retrospective review. Setting Two tertiary cardiothoracic surgery centers in the Northwest of England. Participants A total of 5,029 patients between 2012 and 2018. Interventions All patients underwent lung resection for primary lung cancer. Patients were classified as anemic based on the World Health Organization definition. Men with hemoglobin <130 g/L and women with hemoglobin <120 g/L were considered to be anemic. Measurements and Main Results Outcomes assessed included perioperative mortality, 90-day mortality, and overall survival. Multivariate logistic and Cox regression analyses were used to assess the impact of preoperative anemia on 90-day mortality and overall survival, respectively. Overall, preoperatively, 24.0% (n = 1207) of patients were anemic. The 90-day mortality for anemic and nonanemic patients was 5.6% and 3.1%, respectively (p < 0.001). After multivariate adjustment, preoperative anemia was not associated with increased 90-day mortality. However, a log-rank analysis demonstrated reduced overall survival for anemic patients (p < 0.001). After multivariate adjustment, preoperative anemia was found to be independently associated with reduced overall survival (hazard ratio 1.287, 95% confidence interval 1.141-1.451, p < 0.001). Conclusions Although anemia was not an independent predictor of short-term outcomes, it was independently associated with significantly reduced survival for patients undergoing resection for lung cancer. Further work is required to understand why anemia reduces long-term survival and whether pathways for anemic patients can be adapted to improve long-term outcomes.