SREBP1-induced fatty acid synthesis depletes macrophages antioxidant defences to promote their alternative activation

Macrophages exhibit a spectrum of activation states ranging from classical to alternative activation 1 . Alternatively, activated macrophages are involved in diverse pathophysiological processes such as confining tissue parasites 2 , improving insulin sensitivity 3 or promoting an immune-tolerant microenvironment that facilitates tumour growth and metastasis 4 . Recently, the metabolic regulation of macrophage function has come into focus as both the classical and alternative activation programmes require specific regulated metabolic reprogramming 5 . While most of the studies regarding immunometabolism have focussed on the catabolic pathways activated to provide energy, little is known about the anabolic pathways mediating macrophage alternative activation. In this study, we show that the anabolic transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) is activated in response to the canonical T helper 2 cell cytokine interleukin-4 to trigger the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) programme, as a necessary step for macrophage alternative activation. Mechanistically, DNL consumes NADPH, partitioning it away from cellular antioxidant defences and raising reactive oxygen species levels. Reactive oxygen species serves as a second messenger, signalling sufficient DNL, and promoting macrophage alternative activation. The pathophysiological relevance of this mechanism is validated by showing that SREBP1/DNL is essential for macrophage alternative activation in vivo in a helminth infection model.