Particle-resolved simulations of four-way coupled, polydispersed, particle-laden flows

We present a collocated-grid framework for direct numerical simulations of polydisperse particles submerged in a viscous fluid. The fluid-particle forces are coupled with the immersed boundary method (IBM) while the particle-particle forces are modeled with a combination of contact and lubrication models, adapted for collocated grids. Our method is modified from the staggered-grid IBM of previous authors to a collocated-grid IBM by adapting the fluid and particle solvers. The method scales well on high-performance parallel computing platforms. It has been validated against various cases and is able to reproduce experimental results. Tuning parameters have been thoroughly calibrated to ensure the accuracy of the method. Finally, we demonstrate the capability of the method to simulate both monodispersed and bidispersed fluidized beds and reproduce the power law relationship between the inflow velocity and the porosity.