Low-cost and Portable Creatinine Electrochemical Sensor for Non-invasive Chronic Kidney Disease Monitoring

Creatinine, a metabolized product of phosphocreatine in muscles, is excreted via urine by kidneys. Creatinine concentration in urine is an indicator of renal function for a patient with chronic kidney disease. A single-use and portable screen-printed carbon electrode with copper oxide nanostructure was developed for creatinine detection via copper-creatinine complex formation. SEM was deployed to ...