Some directions for research and theory on countertransference.

The topic of countertransference (CT) has been a controversial one over the decades, and its various, often conflicting, definitions have made it difficult to gather clear and consistent empirical evidence about the phenomenon. The growing awareness that CT occurs across theoretical orientations has fueled the need for research on CT, its effects, how it emerges in treatment, and how it can be used to enhance psychotherapy. In this paper, we reflect on three studies published in the special section on CT that we believe advance the field of CT research. We also provide future directions for CT theory and research, including attending to CT definitions and their rationale in empirical studies, striving for methodological diversity, differentiating acute and chronic CT, and continuing to investigate CT management.