Aspects of Coulomb gases

Coulomb gases are special probability distributions that come from potential theory and that appear at many places in pure and applied mathematics and physics. In these short expository notes, we focus on some models, ideas, and structures. We present briefly selected mathematical aspects, mostly related to exact solvability and first and second order global asymptotics. A particular attention is devoted to two-dimensional exactly solvable models of random matrix theory such as the Ginibre model. Thematically, these notes lie between probability theory, mathematical analysis, and statistical physics, and aim to be very accessible. They form a contribution to a volume of the "Panoramas et Synth\`eses" series around the workshop "\'Etats de la recherche en m\'ecanique statistique", organized by Soci\'et\'e Math\'ematique de France, held at Institut Henri Poincar\'e, Paris, in the fall of 2018 (http://statmech2018.sciencesconf.org).