Using the world wide lightning location network (WWLLN) to study very low frequency transmission in the earth-ionosphere waveguide: 1. Comparison with a full-wave model

We investigate a novel way to quantify Very Low Frequency transmission in the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide, using data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). The lightning signals from intense and long-duration storm clusters are recorded at several stations. Any individual stroke amplitude is in principle unknown, so that the recorded electric field from that stroke varies semi-ran...