Endoscopic Treatment As the Rescue Therapy for Recurrent Bleeding after Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)

Background. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is suggested as the salvage therapy for gastroesophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. However, rebleeding might occur in some patients after TIPS. Currently, there is a lack of evidence in the endoscopic management of recurrent bleeding in these patients. Aims. To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic treatment in cirrhotic patients with recurrent bleeding after TIPS. Methods. Cirrhotic patients with gastroesophageal varices who received endoscopic treatment for recurrent bleeding after TIPS were included. Results. 6 patients were enrolled in this study. The median age of the patients was 47 years (range 27 to 65 years), and the duration of follow-up time was 346 (17-773) days. Stent stenosis or occlusion was found in 5 out of 6 patients after TIPS. Salvage endoscopic treatment, including esophageal variceal ligation (EVL), gastric variceal cyanoacrylate injection, esophageal variceal sclerotherapy, and balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration- (BRTO-) assisted endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection. Among included patients, 2 died shortly after EVL (14 and 19 days) due to variceal bleeding. Among other 4 patients, 2 had rebleeding episodes at 422 and 789 days, respectively. Conclusion. Endoscopic treatment may be an option for recurrent bleeding after TIPS in selected patients. Further studies are needed to carefully define the indication and efficacy of this option.