Screening and evaluation of the strong endogenous promoters in Pichia pastoris

Background Due to its ability to perform fast and high-density fermentation, Pichia pastoris is not only used as an excellent host for heterologous protein expression but also exhibits good potential for efficient biosynthesis of small-molecule compounds. However, basic research on P. pastoris lags far behind Saccharomyces cerevisiae , resulting in a lack of available biological elements. Especially, fewer strong endogenous promoter elements available for foreign protein expression or construction of biosynthetic pathways were carefully evaluated in P. pastoris . Thus, it will be necessary to identify more available endogenous promoters from P. pastoris . Results Based on RNA-seq and LacZ reporter system, eight strong endogenous promoters contributing to higher transcriptional expression levels and β-galactosidase activities in three frequently-used media were screened out. Among them, the transcriptional expression level contributed by P 0019 , P 0107 , P 0230 , P 0392 , or P 0785 was basically unchanged during the logarithmic phase and stationary phase of growth. And the transcriptional level contributed by P 0208 or P 0627 exhibited a growth-dependent characteristic (a lower expression level during the logarithmic phase and a higher expression level during the stationary phase). After 60 h growth, the β-galactosidase activity contributed by P 0208 , P 0627 , P 0019 , P 0407 , P 0392 , P 0230 , P 0785 , or P 0107 was relatively lower than P GAP but higher than P ACT1 . To evaluate the availability of these promoters, several of them were randomly applied to a heterogenous β-carotene biosynthetic pathway in P. pastoris , and the highest yield of β-carotene from these mutants was up to 1.07 mg/g. In addition, simultaneously using the same promoter multiple times could result in a notable competitive effect, which might significantly lower the transcriptional expression level of the target gene. Conclusions The novel strong endogenous promoter identified in this study adds to the number of promoter elements available in P. pastoris . And the competitive effect observed here suggests that a careful pre-evaluation is needed when simultaneously and multiply using the same promoter in one yeast strain. This work also provides an effective strategy to identify more novel biological elements for engineering applications in P. pastoris .