Reservoir-assisted symmetry breaking and coalesced zero-energy modes in an open PT-symmetric Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model

We study a model consisting of a central PT-symmetric trimer with non-Hermitian strength parameter gamma coupled to two semi-infinite Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) leads. We show the existence of two zero-energy modes, one of which is localized while the other is antilocalized. For the remaining eigenvalues, we demonstrate two qualitatively distinct types of PT-symmetry breaking. Within a subset of the parameter space corresponding to the topologically nontrivial phase of the SSH chains, a gap opens within the broken-PT-symmetry regime of the discrete eigenvalue spectrum. For smaller values of gamma , the eigenvalues are embedded in the two SSH bands and hence become destabilized primarily due to the resonance interaction with the continuum. We refer to this as reservoir-assisted PT-symmetry breaking. As the value of gamma is increased, the eigenvalues exit the SSH bands and the discrete eigenstates become more strongly localized in the central trimer region. This approximate decoupling results in the discrete spectrum behaving more like the independent trimer, including both a region in which the PT symmetry is restored (the gap) and a second region in which it is broken again. At the exceptional point (EP) marking the boundary between the gap and the second PT-symmetry-broken region, two of the eigenstates coalesce with the localized zero-energy mode, resulting in a third-order exceptional point. At the other boundaries of the parameter space at which the gap vanishes, similar higher-order EPs can form as pairs of the discrete eigenstates coalesce with either of the two zero-energy states. The EPs of order N formed of the localized zero-energy state give rise to characteristic dynamics similar to t2N-2 in the evolution of an initial state, which we propose to measure in a photonic lattice experiment.