Co-occurrence of large branchiopods and killifish in African savannah ponds

It is conventionally understood that large branchiopod crustaceans are limited to temporary waters because they are sensitive to fish predation in permanent habitats (Kerfoot & Lynch, 1987; Brendonck et al., 2008). However, our field observations in February and March 2018, 2019 and 2020 showed that all major groups of large branchiopods (i.e. fairy-, clam- and tadpole shrimps) co-occur with killifish in temporary ponds across the savannah of southern Mozambique (Fig. 1A-D; Appendix S1: Figure S1).