Assessment Of Unstimulated Whole Salivary Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (Tnf-Alpha) And Cellular Micronuclei Levels In Snuff (Naswar) Users And Non-Users For Early Diagnosis Of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH(2021)
摘要
The aim of the study was to investigate the unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and cellular micronuclei in snuff dippers (Naswar) compared to healthy control subjects. The case control study was conducted over 9 months at a tertiary care center. Sixty patients were divided into two groups: Snuff dippers (SD) (Naswar) and non-snuff dippers (NSD) (control subjects). The included self-reported SD used Snuff twice daily for more than 12 months. UWS was collected and salivary TNF-alpha assessment was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For cellular micronuclei, buccal mucosa was brushed to obtain cells in Naswar users, fixed with a dibutylphthalate polystyrene xylene (DPX) mounting to view micronuclei. Means and standard deviations were compared using the t-test and outcomes were related using Pearson correlation, considering p <= 0.05 as significant. The mean age of participants was 38.85 +/- 11.56 years. The mean duration of snuff use was 20.43 +/- 12.79 years and the common site for Naswar placement was the lower vestibule (n = 19, 63.3%). TNF-alpha levels among SD were 9.6 +/- 3.3 pg/mL, which were significantly higher than levels in NSD, 5.2 +/- 3 pg/mL (p < 0.05). The number of cellular micronuclei in SD was 30.7 +/- 7.8, which was comparatively higher than in NSD, which was 9.2 +/- 3.3 (p < 0.05). The duration of snuff use was positively correlated to TNF-alpha levels (p = 0.048) rather than the micronuclei number (p = 0.97). SD showed higher levels of TNF-alpha and cellular micronuclei compared with NSD (control subjects); a positive correlation was shown with the duration of snuff use. We conclude that TNF-alpha and micronuclei are potential salivary biomarkers for an oral biological effect in snuff (Naswar) users.
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关键词
micronuclei, TNF-alpha, snuff dippers, naswar, smokeless tobacco, oral cancer
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