Shining a Light on Cultural Neuroscience: Recommendations on the Use of fNIRS to Study How Sociocultural Contexts Shape the Brain

Public Significance Statement How sociocultural environments shape positive aspects of cognitive and brain processes remains largely unexplored. The use of fNIRS neuroimaging can help inform theoretical frameworks by taking neuroscience to communities where research can be carried out in "everyday-life settings." The present article provides recommendations on the design of fNIRS research studies, including the use of strengths-based and community-based approaches. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable neuroimaging technique that may serve as a methodological tool for studying how sociocultural contexts can shape the human brain and impact cognition and behavior. The use of fNIRS in community-based research may (a) advance theoretical knowledge in psychology and neuroscience, particularly regarding underrepresented ethnic-racial communities; (b) increase diversity in samples; and (c) provide neurobiological evidence of sociocultural factors supporting human development. The review aims to introduce the use of fNIRS, including its practicalities and limitations, to new adopters inquiring how sociocultural inputs affect the brain. The review begins with an introduction to cultural neuroscience, and a review on the use of fNIRS follows. Next, benefits and guidelines to the design of fNIRS research in naturalistic environments (in the community or in the field) using a cultural lens are discussed. Strengths-based and community-based approaches in cultural neuroscience are recommended throughout.