Characterization of groundwater hydrogeochemistry, quality, and associated health hazards to the residents of southwestern Bangladesh

In this research, we intended to appraise the hydrogeochemistry and human health risks of groundwater (GW) in southwestern Bangladesh, applying hydrogeochemical techniques, GW quality index (GWQI), several pollution indices, and mathematical health risk models. The trace elements (TEs) and ionic composition of GW samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and ion chromatography (AAS-IC) technique. The evaporate dissolution, silicate weathering, and ionic exchange processes control the hydrogeochemistry in GW. The GWQI revealed that 34% of samples were poor to very poor quality for drinking purposes, whereas irrigation water quality indices suggested moderate suitability of GW. The mean hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) exceeded the tolerable level for adults and children, making substantial chronic health impacts on humans. The estimated carcinogenic risk of As and Pb surpassed the upper level of 1 × 10 –4 for both aged populations. Overall, the results indicate that the local inhabitants have detrimental health risks; hence, effective regulation and proper measures should be concentrated for continuous monitoring, assessment, and remediation of As, Mn, Pb, and Hg in the study area.