Performance studies for a next-generation optical sensor for IceCube-Gen2

R. Abbasi,M. Ackermann,J. Adams,J. A. Aguilar,M. Ahlers,M. Ahrens,C. Alispach, P. Allison,A. A. Alves,N. M. Amin,R. An,K. Andeen, T. Anderson,G. Anton,C. Arguelles,T. C. Arlen,Y. Ashida,S. Axani,X. Bai,A. Balagopal,A. Barbano,I. Bartos,S. W. Barwick, B. Bastian,V. Basu,S. Baur,R. Bay,J. J. Beatty, K. -H. Becker, J. Becker Tjus,C. Bellenghi,S. BenZvi, D. Berley,E. Bernardini,D. Z. Besson,G. Binder,D. Bindig,A. Bishop,E. Blaufuss,S. Blot,M. Boddenberg,M. Bohmer,F. Bontempo,J. Borowka,S. Boser,O. Botner,J. Boettcher, E. Bourbeau, F. Bradascio,J. Braun,S. Bron,J. Brostean-Kaiser,S. Browne,A. Burgman,R. T. Burley,R. S. Busse, M. A. Campana, E. G. Carnie-Bronca,M. Cataldo,C. Chen, D. Chirkin,K. Choi, B. A. Clark,K. Clark, R. Clark,L. Classen,A. Coleman, G. H. Collin,A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad,P. Coppin,P. Correa,D. F. Cowen,R. Cross,C. Dappen,P. Dave,C. Deaconu,C. De Clercq, S. De Kockere,J. J. DeLaunay,H. Dembinski,K. Deoskar,S. De Ridder,A. Desai,P. Desiati,K. D. de Vries,G. de Wasseige, M. de With,T. DeYoung,S. Dharani,A. Diaz,J. C. Diaz-Velez,M. Dittmer,H. Dujmovic, M. Dunkman,M. A. DuVernois, E. Dvorak,T. Ehrhardt,P. Eller, R. Engel,H. Erpenbeck,J. Evans,J. J. Evans,P. A. Evenson,K. L. Fan,K. Farrag,A. R. Fazely, S. Fiedlschuster, A. T. Fienberg,K. Filimonov,C. Finley,L. Fischer, D. Fox,A. Franckowiak,E. Friedman,A. Fritz, P. Fuerst,T. K. Gaisser,J. Gallagher,E. Ganster,A. Garcia, S. Garrappa, A. Gartner,L. Gerhardt,R. Gernhaeuser,A. Ghadimi,P. Giri,C. Glaser,T. Glauch, T. Gluesenkamp,A. Goldschmidt,J. G. Gonzalez,S. Goswami,D. Grant,T. Gregoire,S. Griswold,M. Guenduez,C. Guenther,C. Haack,A. Hallgren,R. Halliday, S. Hallmann,L. Halve, F. Halzen,M. Ha Minh, K. Hanson, J. Hardin,A. A. Harnisch,J. Haugen,A. Haungs,S. Hauser, D. Hebecker,D. Heinen, K. Helbing,B. Hendricks,F. Henningsen, C. Hettinger,S. Hickford,J. Hignight,C. Hill,G. C. Hill, K. D. Hoffman,B. Hoffmann,R. Hoffmann,T. Hoinka,B. Hokanson-Fasig,K. Holzapfel,K. Hoshina,F. Huang,M. Huber,T. Huber, T. Huege,K. Hughes,K. Hultqvist, M. Hunnefeld, R. Hussain,S. In,N. Iovine,A. Ishihara, M. Jansson,G. S. Japaridze,M. Jeong,B. J. P. Jones,O. Kalekin, D. Kang, W. Kang,X. Kang,A. Kappes, D. Kappesser,T. Karg,M. Karl,A. Karle, T. Katori,U. Katz,M. Kauer,A. Keivani,M. Kellermann,J. L. Kelley, A. Kheirandish, K. Kin, T. Kintscher,J. Kiryluk,S. R. Klein,R. Koirala, H. Kolanoski,T. Kontrimas,L. Koepke,C. Kopper,S. Kopper,D. J. Koskinen,P. Koundal,M. Kovacevich,M. Kowalski,T. Kozynets,C. B. Krauss,I. Kravchenko,R. Krebs,E. Kun,N. Kurahashi,N. Lad,C. Lagunas Gualda, J. L. Lanfranchi,M. J. Larson,F. Lauber,J. P. Lazar,J. W. Lee,K. Leonard, A. Leszczynska,Y. Li,M. Lincetto,Q. R. Liu,M. Liubarska, E. Lohfink,J. LoSecco,C. J. Lozano Mariscal, L. Lu, F. Lucarelli,A. Ludwig, W. Luszczak, Y. Lyu,W. Y. Ma,J. Madsen,K. B. M. Mahn,Y. Makino, S. Mancina,S. Mandalia, I. C. Maris,S. Marka, Z. Marka,R. Maruyama,K. Mase, T. McElroy,F. McNally,J. V. Mead,K. Meagher,A. Medina,M. Meier,S. Meighen-Berger, Z. Meyers, J. Micallef, D. Mockler,T. Montaruli,R. W. Moore,R. Morse, M. Moulai,R. Naab,R. Nagai,U. Naumann,J. Necker, A. Nelles,L. V. Nguyen,H. Niederhausen,M. U. Nisa,S. C. Nowicki,D. R. Nygren,E. Oberla, A. Obertacke Pollmann,M. Oehler, A. Olivas,A. Omeliukh,E. O'Sullivan,H. Pandya,D. V. Pankova,L. Papp,N. Park, G. K. Parker,E. N. Paudel,L. Paul,C. Perez de los Heros,L. Peters,T. C. Petersen,J. Peterson,S. Philippen, D. Pieloth,S. Pieper,J. L. Pinfold,M. Pittermann, A. Pizzuto,I. Plaisier,M. Plum, Y. Popovych, A. Porcelli,M. Prado Rodriguez, P. B. Price,B. Pries,G. T. Przybylski,L. Pyras,C. Raab,A. Raissi, M. Rameez, K. Rawlins,I. C. Rea, A. Rehman,P. Reichherzer,R. Reimann,G. Renzi,E. Resconi,S. Reusch,W. Rhode, M. Richman,B. Riedel, M. Riegel,E. J. Roberts,S. Robertson, G. Roellinghoff,M. Rongen, C. Rott,T. Ruhe, D. Ryckbosch,D. Rysewyk Cantu, I. Safa,J. Saffer,S. E. Sanchez Herrera,A. Sandrock,J. Sandroos,P. Sandstrom,M. Santander,S. Sarkar,S. Sarkar,K. Satalecka,M. Scharf,M. Schaufel,H. Schieler,S. Schindler, P. Schlunder,T. Schmidt,A. Schneider,J. Schneider, F. G. Schroder,L. Schumacher,G. Schwefer,S. Sclafani,D. Seckel,S. Seunarine,M. H. Shaevitz,A. Sharma,S. Shefali,M. Silva, B. Skrzypek,D. Smith,B. Smithers,R. Snihur,J. Soedingrekso, D. Soldin,S. Soldner-Rembold,D. Southall,C. Spannfellner,G. M. Spiczak,C. Spiering,J. Stachurska,M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, R. Stein,J. Stettner,A. Steuer,T. Stezelberger, T. Stuerwald, T. Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan,I. Taboada,A. Taketa,H. K. M. Tanaka,F. Tenholt,S. Ter-Antonyan,S. Tilav, F. Tischbein, K. Tollefson,L. Tomankova,C. Toennis,J. Torres,S. Toscano,D. Tosi,A. Trettin,M. Tselengidou,C. F. Tung,A. Turcati,R. Turcotte,C. F. Turley,J. P. Twagirayezu,B. Ty,M. A. Unland Elorrieta,N. Valtonen-Mattila,J. Vandenbroucke,N. van Eijndhoven,D. Vannerom,J. van Santen,D. Veberic,S. Verpoest, A. Vieregg, M. Vraeghe, C. Walck,T. B. Watson, C. Weaver,P. Weigel,A. Weindl, L. Weinstock, M. J. Weiss,J. Weldert,C. Welling,C. Wendt,J. Werthebach,M. Weyrauch,N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, D. R. Williams,S. Wissel,M. Wolf,K. Woschnagg,G. Wrede,S. Wren,J. Wulff,X. W. Xu, Y. Xu, J. P. Yanez,S. Yoshida, S. Yu, T. Yuan,Z. Zhang,S. Zierke

37TH INTERNATIONAL COSMIC RAY CONFERENCE, ICRC2021（2022）

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Abstract

We present performance studies of a segmented optical module for the IceCube-Gen2 detector. Based on the experience gained in sensor development for the IceCube Upgrade, the new sensor will consist of up to eighteen 4 inch PMTs housed in a transparent pressure vessel, providing homogeneous angular coverage. The use of custom molded optical 'gel pads' around the PMTs enhances the photon capture rate via total internal reflection at the gel-air interface. This contribution presents simulation studies of various sensor, PMT, and gel pad geometries aimed at optimizing the sensitivity of the optical module in the face of confined space and harsh environmental conditions at the South Pole.

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Key words

Neutrino,Astrophysics,ADC,data acquisition,FPGA,microcontroller,Cherenkov

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