Species sensitivity distributions for ethylparaben to derive protective concentrations for soil ecosystems

Ethylparaben is used as an antifungal preservative. Although some countries have implemented regulations for human exposure to parabens, environmental regulations for ethylparaben have not been established. This study provides new toxicological data for ethylparaben, for which data regarding soil organisms were previously lacking. Although ethylparaben toxicity has been reported in other species, we present herein the first comprehensive study of its toxicity in soil organisms. We used 12 test species ( Lycopersicon esculentum , Vigna radiata , Hordeum vulgare, Oryza sativa , Eisenia andrei , Folsomia candida , Lobella sokamensis , Caenorhabiditis elegans , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , Chlorococcum infusionum , Chlorella sorokiniana , Chlorella vulgaris ) from eight taxonomic groups for acute bioassays and nine test species ( L. esculentum , V. radiata , H. vulgare, O. sativa , C. reinhardtii , C. infusionum , C. sorokiniana , and C. vulgaris ) from five taxonomic groups for chronic bioassays. A suite of acute and chronic toxicity tests, using 21 soil species, was conducted to estimate EC 50 values, which facilitated the construction of species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) and the calculation of protective concentrations (PCs). Acute and chronic PC 95 values (protective concentration for 95% of species) for ethylparaben were estimated to be 14 and 5 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the toxicity of ethylparaben to soil species and derive PCs for soil ecosystems based on SSDs. Therefore, the data presented in this study can be used as a basis for further investigations of paraben toxicity to the soil environment.