Analysis of T-cell responses directed against the spike and/or membrane and/or nucleocapsid proteins in patients with chilblain-like lesions during the COVID-19 pandemic

A range of cutaneous manifestations has been described in association with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic . Among them, chilblain like lesions (CLL) occurred more frequently than expected. A direct link was demonstrated thanks to the visualization of viral particles in the skin endothelial cells by electron microscopy which was further questioned . An indirect link was highlighted with high prevalence of seropositivity in CLL patients compared to general population .