Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancy complicated by urolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background The effect of urolithiasis on pregnancy-related outcomes remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library through December 2020 for studies reporting on adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in patients with urolithiasis. Risk ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for these outcomes in pregnant mothers with urolithiasis and compared to healthy controls. Results Eight studies comprising 26,577 mothers with urolithiasis were included in our analysis. Preterm birth (OR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.37–1.95, p < 0.001) or very preterm birth risk (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.06–2.11, p = 0.02) was more common in patients with urolithiasis compared to healthy controls. Mothers with urolithiasis had an increased incidence of preeclampsia (OR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.33–2.3, p < 0.001), hypertension (OR = 2.97, 95% CI 1.31–6.71, p = 0.009), caesarean section (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.11–1.55, p = 0.001), and gestational diabetes mellitus (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.37–2.46, p < 0.001). Conclusion Patients with urolithiasis may be at increased risk of developing adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes. Graphic abstract