Non-Hermitian chiral anomalies

The chiral anomaly underlies a broad number of phenomena, from enhanced electronic transport in topological metals to anomalous currents in the quark-gluon plasma. The discovery of topological states of matter in non-Hermitian systems raises the question of whether there are anomalous conservation laws that remain unaccounted for. To answer this question, we consider both two and four space-time dimensions, presenting a unified formulation to calculate anomalous responses in Hermitianized, anti-Hermitianized, and non-Hermitian systems of massless electrons with complex Fermi velocities coupled to non-Hermitian gauge fields. Our results indicate that the quantum conservation laws of chiral currents of non-Hermitian systems are not related to those in Hermitianized and anti-Hermitianized systems, as would be expected classically, due to different anomalous terms that we derive. We further present some physical consequences of our non-Hermitian anomaly that may have implications for a broad class of emerging experimental systems that realize non-Hermitian Hamiltonians.