Assessing the Accuracy and Reproducibility of PARIETAL: A Deep Learning Brain Extraction Algorithm.

BACKGROUND:Manual brain extraction from magnetic resonance (MR) images is time-consuming and prone to intra- and inter-rater variability. Several automated approaches have been developed to alleviate these constraints, including deep learning pipelines. However, these methods tend to reduce their performance in unseen magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner vendors and different imaging protocols. PURPOSE:To present and evaluate for clinical use PARIETAL, a pre-trained deep learning brain extraction method. We compare its reproducibility in a scan/rescan analysis and its robustness among scanners of different manufacturers. STUDY TYPE:Retrospective. POPULATION:Twenty-one subjects (12 women) with age range 22-48 years acquired using three different MRI scanner machines including scan/rescan in each of them. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE:T1-weighted images acquired in a 3-T Siemens with magnetization prepared rapid gradient-echo sequence and two 1.5 T scanners, Philips and GE, with spin-echo and spoiled gradient-recalled (SPGR) sequences, respectively. ASSESSMENT:Analysis of the intracranial cavity volumes obtained for each subject on the three different scanners and the scan/rescan acquisitions. STATISTICAL TESTS:Parametric permutation tests of the differences in volumes to rank and statistically evaluate the performance of PARIETAL compared to state-of-the-art methods. RESULTS:The mean absolute intracranial volume differences obtained by PARIETAL in the scan/rescan analysis were 1.88 mL, 3.91 mL, and 4.71 mL for Siemens, GE, and Philips scanners, respectively. PARIETAL was the best-ranked method on Siemens and GE scanners, while decreasing to Rank 2 on the Philips images. Intracranial differences for the same subject between scanners were 5.46 mL, 27.16 mL, and 30.44 mL for GE/Philips, Siemens/Philips, and Siemens/GE comparison, respectively. The permutation tests revealed that PARIETAL was always in Rank 1, obtaining the most similar volumetric results between scanners. DATA CONCLUSION:PARIETAL accurately segments the brain and it generalizes to images acquired at different sites without the need of training or fine-tuning it again. PARIETAL is publicly available. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.