Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning With Fully Homomorphic Encryption for Deep Neural Network

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a prospective tool for privacy-preserving machine learning (PPML). Several PPML models have been proposed based on various FHE schemes and approaches. Although FHE schemes are suitable as tools for implementing PPML models, previous PPML models based on FHE, such as CryptoNet, SEALion, and CryptoDL, are limited to simple and nonstandard types of machine learning models; they have not proven to be efficient and accurate with more practical and advanced datasets. Previous PPML schemes replaced non-arithmetic activation functions with simple arithmetic functions instead of adopting approximation methods and did not use bootstrapping, which enables continuous homomorphic evaluations. Thus, they could neither use standard activation functions nor employ large numbers of layers. In this work, we first implement the standard ResNet-20 model with the RNS-CKKS FHE with bootstrapping and verify the implemented model with the CIFAR-10 dataset and plaintext model parameters. Instead of replacing the non-arithmetic functions with simple arithmetic functions, we use state-of-the-art approximation methods to evaluate these non-arithmetic functions, such as ReLU and Softmax, with sufficient precision. Further, for the first time, we use the bootstrapping technique of the RNS-CKKS scheme in the proposed model, which enables us to evaluate an arbitrary deep learning model on encrypted data. We numerically verify that the proposed model with the CIFAR-10 dataset shows 98.43% identical results to the original ResNet-20 model with non-encrypted data. The classification accuracy of the proposed model is 92.43%+/- 2.65%, which is quite close to that of the original ResNet-20 CNN model (91.89%). It takes approximately 3 h for inference on a dual Intel Xeon Platinum 8280 CPU (112 cores) with 172 GB of memory. We believe that this opens the possibility of applying FHE to an advanced deep PPML model.