Oral mucositis in paediatric cancer patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation preventively treated with professional dental care and photobiomodulation: Incidence and risk factors

Background Oral mucositis (OM) is an important side effect related to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), and it has been associated with a significative reduction of quality of life. A negative impact of this toxicity in paediatric patients could result in increased use of parenteral feeding and opioids, longer periods of hospitalization, and a higher risk of systemic infection. Aim To investigate the clinical features and clinical outcomes associated with OM development and severity in hematological cancer paediatric patients undergoing allo-HSCT who underwent professional dental care (PDC) and photobiomodulation (PBM) as prophylactic treatment. Design Medical data and OM presentation were retrieved retrospectively from all patients younger than 18 years who were submitted to allo-HSCT between 2013 and 2016. The incidence of OM was assessed and graded by two oral medicine specialists following the WHO guidelines, and it was correlated with clinical parameters. Results Forty-nine consecutive paediatric patients were included. OM was diagnosed in 73.5% of patients, and in 36.1% of patients, OM was classified as severe. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia as a primary diagnosis and the use of a myeloablative regimen were associated with OM development. The primary diagnosis and use of total body irradiation (TBI) were associated with aggressive OM. Neither the incidence nor the severity of OM affected the overall survival, whereas only the use of a myeloablative regimen and a high body mass index (BMI) were determinants of lower OM-free survival rates. Conclusions A myeloablative conditioning and a high BMI were observed to be independent prognostic determinants of a lower OMFS rate. The cluster analysis allowed us to outline patient profiles with greater susceptibility to the development and severity of oral mucositis, which seems to be a useful tool to determine the risk of OM in paediatric patients.