Adjunct therapies after botulinum toxin injections in spastic adults: Systematic review and SOFMER recommendations.

BACKGROUND:Adjunct therapies (ATs) may further improve outcomes after botulinum toxin injections in spastic patients, but evidence was unclear in previous systematic reviews. OBJECTIVE:To assess the efficacy of non-pharmacological ATs in spastic adults according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and build an expert consensus-based on a Delphi process. METHODS:Four electronic databases were searched up to May 2020 for reports of comparative trials of non-pharmacologic ATs after botulinum toxin injections in spastic adults. Then, 25 French experts participated in a two-round Delphi process to build recommendations on the use of ATs. RESULTS:We included 32 studies (1202 participants, median 32/study) evaluating the effects of physical agents (n=9), joint posture procedures (JPPs, n=11), and active ATs (n=14), mainly after stroke. The average quality of articles was good for randomised controlled trials (median [interquartile range] PEDro score=7 [6-8]) but moderate (n=2) or poor (n=2) for non-randomised controlled trials (Downs & Black checklist). Meta-analysis was precluded owing to the heterogeneity of ATs, control groups and outcome measures. There is evidence for the use of JPPs except low-dose manual stretching and soft posture techniques. Continuous postures (by taping or casting) are recommended; discontinuous postures (by orthosis) may be preferred in patients with active function. Device-free or device-assisted active ATs may be beneficial in the mid-term (>3months after botulinum toxin injections), particularly when performed at a high-intensity (>3h/week) as in constraint-induced movement therapy. Self-rehabilitation remains understudied after a focal treatment, but its interest is highlighted by the experts. The use of physical agents is not recommended. CONCLUSIONS:JPPs and active ATs (device-assisted or device-free) may further improve impairments and activities after botulinum toxin injections. Further studies are needed to better define the best strategies for ATs as a function of the individual treatment goals, participation and quality of life. REVIEW REGISTRATION:PROSPERO (CRD42018105856).