Sodium silicate-derived aerogels: effect of processing parameters on their applications

Inorganic silica aerogels derived from sodium silicate are voluminous three-dimensional open networks with exceptional properties such as a density as low as similar to 100 kg m(-3), high porosity (similar to 99%), low thermal conductivity (similar to 0.01 W m(-1) K-1), high specific surface area (similar to 1000 m(2) g(-1)), low refractive index (similar to 1.05) and high optical transmittance (similar to 95%) depending on their preparation conditions. They are processed through the sol-gel route, which is a reliable methodology to produce high-grade porous materials. Ambient pressure drying has been developed as a low-cost route for the preparation of sodium silicate-derived aerogels, overcoming the difficulties with the use of organosilane precursors and super critical drying. Silica aerogels can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic depending on their synthetic procedure and surface silanol groups. Owing to their unusual properties, these inorganic aerogels have been applied in both commercial and high-tech engineering applications such as thermal insulation, separation, coatings, optics, nuclear particle detection, sensing, and catalysis. This review provides information on the unique features of a wide array of silica aerogels and their potential applications and recent developments in the field of science and technology.