Automated Intracellular Pharmacological Electrophysiology for Ligand-Gated Ionotropic Receptor and Pharmacology Screenings

Communication between neuronal cells, which is central to brain function, is performed by several classes of ligand-gated ionotropic receptors. The gold-standard technique for measuring rapid receptor response to agonist is manual patch-clamp electrophysiology, capable of the highest temporal resolution of any current electrophysiology technique. We report an automated high-precision patch-clamp system that substantially improves the throughput of these time-consuming pharmacological experiments. The patcher-Bot(pharma) enables recording from cells expressing receptors of interest and manipulation of them to enable millisecond solution exchange to activate ligand-gated ionotropic receptors. The solution-handling control allows for autonomous pharmacological concentration-response experimentation on adherent cells, lifted cells, or excised outside-out patches. The system can perform typical ligand-gated ionotropic receptor experimentation protocols autonomously, possessing a high success rate in completing experiments and up to a 10-fold reduction in research effort over the duration of the experiment. Using it, we could rapidly replicate previous data sets, reducing the time it took to produce an eight-point concentration-response curve of the effect of propofol on GABA type A receptor deactivation from likely weeks of recording to similar to 13 hours of recording. On average, the rate of data collection of the patcher BOt(pharma) was a data point every 2.1 minutes that the operator spent interacting with the patcher-Bot(Pharma). The patcher-Bot(p)(harma) provides the ability to conduct complex and comprehensive experimentation that yields data sets not normally within reach of conventional systems that rely on constant human control. This technical advance can contribute to accelerating the examination of the complex function of ion channels and the pharmacological agents that act on them. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This work presents an automated intracellular pharmacological electrophysiology robot, patcher-Bot(Pharma), that substantially improves throughput and reduces human time requirement in pharmacological patch-clamp experiments. The robotic system includes millisecond fluid exchange handling and can perform highly efficient ligand-gated ionotropic receptor experiments. The patcher-Bot(pharma) is built using a conventional patch-clamp rig, and the technical advances shown in this work greatly accelerate the ability to conduct high-fidelity pharmacological electrophysiology.