Mild Amnestic Cognitive Impairment and Depressive Symptoms in Autoimmune Encephalitis Associated with Serum Anti-Neurexin-3 alpha Autoantibodies

(1) Background: autoimmune encephalitis associated with neurexin-3 alpha antibodies is a seldom reported disease entity often accompanied by a severe clinical neuropsychiatric syndrome. (2) Method: we report on the case of a 58-year-old man diagnosed with neurexin-3 alpha-associated autoimmune encephalitis revealing cognitive decline and depression before the proof of neurexin-3 alpha antibodies. He underwent neuropsychological testing, peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, neuroimaging and electroencephalography. (3) Results: our patient's main clinical feature was amnestic cognitive decline in combination with depressive symptoms. CSF analysis showed elevated phosphorylated tau protein 181 and positive proof of serum neurexin-3 alpha antibodies in a cell-based assay. An 18F-FDG-PET/CT of the brain initially showed bilateral cerebral hypometabolism prefrontal and parietal, which was absent in follow up. The brain MRI was unremarkable. EEG recordings showed frontotemporal slowing in the theta and delta range. (4) Conclusions: taken together, we assumed autoimmune encephalitis associated with serum neurexin-3 alpha antibodies. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report on a predominantly mild clinical manifestation entailing amnestic mild cognitive impairment in addition to depression, thus broadening the clinical spectrum associated with neurexin-3 alpha antibodies.