Recent advances and clinical applications of deep learning in medical image analysis

•We especially focused on the latest unsupervised/self-supervised and semi-supervised learning methods in medical image analysis.•We comprehensively summarized the research progress of deep learning technology in four different medical image analysis tasks.•Representative architectures were introduced for each task, such as Transformer-based frameworks for segmentation.•We discussed several aspects that are important to achieving large-scale applications of deep learning in clinical settings.•More than 200 recently published papers were reviewed in this review paper.