Gut microbiota contributes to sexual dimorphism in murine autoimmune cholangitis

The data demonstrated that a transgenic murine model of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), expressing dominant negative TGF-beta receptor II (II or II? Both ok, please set a standard, thanks.)(dnTGF beta RII) under the CD4 promoter, showed similarity to PBC patients that is female-dominant. Female dnTGF beta RII mice developed more severe lymphocytic infiltration in the liver and had higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, than the male mice. Interestingly, elimination of testosterone through gonadectomy in male dnTGF beta RII mice did not influence disease severity, supporting that testosterone is an unessential factor in sustaining liver immune homeostasis. Meanwhile, it was observed that treating dnTGF beta RII mice with oral antibiotics markedly reduced the differences in the levels of lymphocytic infiltration and cytokines between males and females, suggesting that the commensal gut microbiome plays a role in determining the observed sexual differences in dnTGF beta RII mice. Furthermore, the diversity of gut microbiota composition and their metabolic functions in the male and female groups through metagenomic sequencing analysis were identified. The results revealed a testosterone-independent and commensal gut microbiota-mediated female bias in PBC.