A mixture of 15 phthalates and pesticides below individual chemical no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) produces reproductive tract malformations in the male rat

•Multiple molecular initiating events lead to adverse male reproductive development.•Rat dams exposed to mixture of 9 phthalates, 5 pesticides, and 1 pesticide metabolite.•Dose structure based on individual chemical NOAELs specific for male reproductive effects.•Mixture produced numerous male reproductive adverse outcomes below chemical NOAELs.•Cumulative assessment grouping should consider chemicals with common adverse outcomes.